ELEMENTOS GRAMATICALES EN INGLÉS 2

ARTICULO (ARTICLE): Lo que determina genero y numero del sustantivo.

ARTICULO DETERMINADO “EL, LA , LOS, LAS” (DIFINITE ARTICLE ): “THE”.

EXAMPLES:

1.THE DOCTOR

2.THE ENGINEER

3.THE TABLES

4.THE STUDENTS.

The definite article

Usage

El artículo determinado (the) precede a un sustantivo singular o plural. A diferencia del artículo indeterminado, se usa para destacar o especificar una cosa dentro de su categoría. En otras palabras, se usa cuando queda claro a qué nos referimos.

Structure

La forma the es invariable.

Examples

Singular Masc.                      Singular Fem.      

the balloon                             the idea

el globo                                  la idea

Plural Masc.                         Plural Fem.

the birds                                 the fountains

los pájaros                             las fuentes

¡Cuidado con los conceptos genéricos!

Al ser individualizador, el artículo determinado no puede usarse delante de un concepto genérico (a diferencia de la práctica común, sobre todo, en los idiomas latinos).

Examples

Love is wonderful.

El amor es maravilloso.

No se puede decir:

The love is wonderful.

Patience is a virtue.

La paciencia es una virtud.

Swimming is the healthiest sport.

La natación es el deporte más sano.

No se puede decir:

The swimming is the healthiest sport.

El artículo determinado marca diferencias

En muchos casos, la presencia u omisión del artículo determinado marca una diferencia de significado. Generalmente, su presencia indica especifidad, y su omisión, generalidad.

Examples

I ate seafood.

I ate the seafood.

En el primer caso, se trata de una acción que se realiza en general durante una época o en un tiempo impreciso («Comía marisco»).

En el segundo caso, se refiere a la acción de comer marisco únicamente en un momento determinado («Comí el marisco»). Además, se trata de un lote de marisco en concreto (y no del marisco en general).

En resumen, el artículo determinado (the) no sirve para generalizaciones.

Examples

She speaks Greek. (Habla griego.)

He loves coffee. (Le encanta el café.)
"Tomado de la enciclopedia OCEANO"

ARTICULO INDETERMINADO “UN, UNA” (INDIFINITE ARTICLE ): “A / AN”.

EXAMPLES:

1.A CAMERA

2.A PERSON

3.AN ENGINEER

AN ORANGE.

The indefinite article

Usage

El artículo indeterminado (a o an) precede a un sustantivo singular, sea individual o colectivo.

Structure

 1) El artículo indeterminado a precede a un sustantivo singular que empieza con sonido consonántico:

Examples

a building (un edificio)

a harbour (un puerto)

a thought (un pensamiento)

a community (una comunidad)

a pain (un dolor)

a light (una luz)

a tray (una bandeja)

Structure

En inglés, el artículo no varía en función del género:

Examples

Masculine                                     Feminine

a man                                      a woman

un hombre                              una mujer

a son                                       a daughter

un hijo                                     una hija

a prince                                   a princess

un príncipe                              una princesa

a duke                                     a duchess

un duque                                 una duchess

a husband                               a wife

un marido                                una esposa

Vocales con pronunciación consonántica

La forma a también se emplea, en casos excepcionales, delante de una palabra cuya vocal inicial se pronuncia con sonido consonántico:

Examples

a university (una universidad)

a euphemism (un eufemismo)

a European (un europeo / una europea)

a uniform (un uniforme)

(en estos tres casos, la primera letra del sustantivo (u y e) se pronuncia igual que el sonido castellano «yu».)

Structure

 2) El artículo indeterminado an se usa delante de sustantivos que empiezan con un sonido vocálico. En la inmensa mayoría de los casos, este sonido inicial corresponde a una vocal.

Examples

an orange (una naranja)

an island (una isla)

an ice-cream (un helado)

an orchestra (una orquesta)

an effort (un esfuerzo)

an ape (un simio)

Consonantes mudas

El artículo an se usa también, aunque en pocos casos, cuando la consonante inicial es muda y la primera letra pronunciada resulta ser, por tanto, una vocal.

Examples

an hour (una hora)

an honour (un honor)

(en estos casos, la h es muda) 
"Tomado de la enciclopedia OCEANO"

·   PREPOSICIÓN

(PREPOSITION): palabras que sirven de enlace.

In English, some prepositions are short, typically containing six letters or fewer. There are, however, a significant number of multi-word prepositions. Throughout the history of the English language, new prepositions have come into use, old ones fallen out of use, and the meaning of existing prepositions has changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed class. 

EXAMPLES:

1.ON ___________________

2.IN ___________________

3.AT ___________________

4.SINCE ___________________

5.FOR ___________________

6.AGO ___________________

7.BEFORE ___________________

8.TO ___________________

9.BY ___________________

10.   INTO ___________________

11.   ONTO ___________________

12.   OF ___________________

13.   FROM ___________________

14.   BELOW ___________________

15.   OVER ___________________

16.   ABOVE ___________________

17.   ACROSS ___________________

18.   THROUGH ___________________

 PREPOSITIONS.

English	Usage	Example
on	days of the week	on Monday
in	months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
at	for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
since	from a certain point of time (past till now)	since 1980
for	over a certain period of time (past till now)	for 2 years
ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
to	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
by	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English	Usage	Example
in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English	Usage	Example
from	who gave it	a present from Jane
of	who/what does it belong to what does it show	a page of the book the picture of a palace
by	who made it	a book by Mark Twain
on	walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
in	entering a car  / Taxi	get in the car
off	leaving a public transport vehicle	get off the train
out of	leaving a car  / Taxi	get out of the taxi
by	rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
at	for age	she learned Russian at 45
about	for topics, meaning what about	we were talking about you

Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words.

Let's analyze the following sentences:

1.  Bob and Dan are friends.

In this sentence, the conjunction and connects two nouns.

2. He will drive or fly.

In this sentence, the conjunction or connects two verbs. 

3. It is early but we can go

In this sentence, the conjunction but connects two groups of words.

            Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence.  The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:

And  is used to join or add words together in the sentence: 1. They ate and drank.

or  is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence: 2. He will be here on Monday or Tuesday.

but  is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence: 3. She is small but strong.

so  is used to show result as in the sentence: 4. I was tired so I went to sleep.

            Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class.  For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as:

    after                before                unless
    although          if                        until
    as                    since                   when
    because          than                    while

            Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.  In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions.  The most common correlative conjunctions are:

both . . .and                           1. Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant

either . . . or                           2. Bring either a Jelly salad or a potato scallop.

neither . . . nor                      3. Nether Robert not Marianne like the onion soup.

not only . . . but also             4. The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighboring pub.

whether …or                        5. Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law                                                   school. 

ADITION CONJUNCTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
And
Too
Also
Moreover
As well
As well as
In addition to
Indeed
Furthermore
Besides

 
 

CONTRAST CONJUNCTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
But
However
In spite of
Despite
Nevertheless
Although
Though
Whereas
Otherwise
On the contrary

CAUSE-EFFECT CONJUNCTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
So
Thus
Therefore
Consequently
In consequence
As a consequence
As a result
For that reason
Due to
Owing to

 

PURPOSE CONJUNCTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
For
Because
Because of
So that
In order to
To
Since

ILUSTRATIVE CONJUNTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
For example
For instance
To illustrate
To be more precise
In other words
In particular
In fact

SEQUENCE CONJUNCTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
First
Firstly
First at all
Second, Third, Fourth ..
In short
Briefly
To summarize
Finally

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

CONECTOR	SIGNIFICADO
both...and
either...or
neither...nor
not only.....but also
so...as
whether...or